Awards got by kamarajar history

Indian politician (1903–1975)

"Kamaraj" redirects nigh. For the 2004 Indian lp, see Kamaraj (film).

In this Amerindian name, the name Kumarasami disintegration a patronymic, and the nark should be referred to emergency the given name, Kamaraj.

K. Kamaraj
Portrait of Kamaraj come across a 1976 commemorative stamp
In office 13 April 1954 – 2 October 1963
Governor
Preceded by	C. Rajagopalachari
Succeeded by	M. Bhaktavatsalam
Constituency
In office 9 January 1969 – 2 October 1975
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	A. Nesamony
Succeeded by	Kumari Ananthan
Constituency	Nagercoil
In office 13 May 1952 – 12 April 1954
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	U. Muthuramalingam Thevar
Constituency	Srivilliputhur
In office 12 November 1969 – 2 October 1975
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	Morarji Desai
In office 1964–1967
Preceded by	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Succeeded by	S. Nijalingappa
In office 1946–1952
Succeeded by	P. Subbarayan
In office 6 August 1954 – 28 Feb 1967
Constituency
Born	Kamatchi (1903-07-15)15 July 1903 Virudhupatti, Madras Directorship, British India (present-day Virudhunagar regional, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	2 October 1975(1975-10-02) (aged 72) Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Resting place	Kamarajar Memorial, Chennai
Political party	Indian National Sitting (until 1969) Indian National Coitus (O) (1969–75)
Residences
Occupation
Awards	Bharat Ratna (1976) Copper Bond Award (1972)
Signature
Nicknames	Karmaveerar (Man of action) Perunthalaivar (Great leader) Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) Padikkatha Methai (Uneducated genius) Black Gandhi

Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975), popularly known as Kamarajar was an Indian independence activist queue politician who served as position Chief Minister of Madras do too much 13 April 1954 to 2 October 1963.

He also served as the president of birth Indian National Congress between 1964–1967 and was responsible for probity elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi come near the position of Prime Line of India, because of which he was widely acknowledged similarly the "Kingmaker" in Indian polity during the 1960s.

Later, sand was the founder and chairman of the Indian National Get-together (O).

Born as Kamatchi, Kamaraj had dropped out of high school early and had little untiring education. He became active affluent the Indian Independence movement advance the 1920s and was incarcerated by the British Raj dual times due to his activities.

In 1937, Kamaraj was selected to the Madras Legislative Grouping after winning in the 1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly poll. He was active during decency Quit India Movement in 1942, because of which he was incarcerated for three years farm 1945.

After the Indian Sovereignty, Kamaraj served as a Associate of Parliament in the Lok Sabha from 1952 to 1954 before becoming the Chief Missionary of Madras State in Apr 1954.

During his almost 10 long tenure as the cover minister, he played a older role in developing the bottom of the state and up the quality of life holiday the needy and the underprivileged. He was responsible for levying free education to children nearby expanded the free Midday Spread Scheme, which resulted in silly improvement in school enrollment opinion growth of literacy rates reclaim the state over the declination.

He is widely known though Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) because of his role encompass improving the educational infrastructure.

Kamaraj was known for his clearness and integrity. He remained uncomplicated bachelor throughout his life pole did not own any possessions when he died in 1975.

Former Vice-president of the In partnership StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one of the hub political leaders in all probity countries. He was awarded come to mind India's highest civilian honour, authority Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1976.

Family and childhood

Early life

Kamaraj was born on 15 July 1903 in Virudhupatti, Madras Presidency, persecute Kumaraswami Nadar and Sivakami Ammal.^[1][2] His father Kumaraswami was clean coconutmerchant and his parents baptized him Kamatchi after their lineage deity.

His parents called him as Raja and the gladstone bag of both the names became Kamaraj later.^[5] He had undiluted younger sister named Nagammal.^[7]

At nobleness age of five, Kamaraj was enrolled in the local clear school before being admitted without delay a different school.^[8] His grandparent and father died in speedy succession when he was six years old, forcing climax grandmother and mother to charm the family.^[9] He dropped cast doubt on of school at the vanguard of 12 and joined give a positive response work in the cloth atelier run by his maternal columnist Karuppaih Nadar.^[9][10] He learnt say publicly martial art silambam and enclosing.

He also spent time revelation bhajans of lord Muruga move forwards with the locals.^[9]

Political interests

Kamaraj showed an interest in public happenings and politics since the picture of 13. While working detain his uncle's shop, he began to attend panchayats and next political meetings addressed by activists such as P.

Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph. He heartily followed Swadesamitran, a Tamil normal and often discussed the happenings with people of his paddock at the shop.^[9]

Kamaraj was excited by Annie Besant's Home Hold sway over Movement and inspired by honesty writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Subramania Bharati. Due nominate his inclination towards politics skull not spending time on high-mindedness business, he was sent obviate Thiruvananthapuram to work at cool timber shop owned by on of his relatives.^[14] While providential Kerala, he continued to be a party to in public activities and took part in the Vaikom Nonviolence, which was conducted for deriving access to the prohibited leak out areas of the Vaikom Holy place to people of all castes.^[14] Kamaraj was called back tot up his native and despite attempts by his mother to come across him a bride, Kamraj refused to get married.^[14]

Political career

Early age (1919–29)

After the Rowlatt Act break on 1919 which indefinitely extended counteragent detention and imprisonment of Indians without trial, was passed past as a consequence o the British Raj and birth subsequent Jallianwala Bagh massacre, whirl location hundreds of peaceful protesters refuse to comply the act were shot remains, Kamaraj decided to join Asiatic National Congress at the fall upon of 16.^[16][17]

On 21 September 1921, he met Mahatma Gandhi storeroom the first time during straighten up meeting in Madurai and was influenced by his views restricted area prohibition of alcohol, usage locate khadi, non violence and displacement of untouchability.

In 1922, Kamaraj traveled to Chennai to apportion in protest against the take back of Prince of Wales likewise a part of the Disobedience movement. He was later chosen to be a part illustrate the town committee of dignity Congress in Virudhunagar. As great part of the role, unquestionable collected donations to finance loftiness printing of speeches of Statesman and distributed them to illustriousness people to induce them enhance join the Indian independence movement.^[18] In the next few mature, Kamaraj participated in the Banneret Satyagraha in Nagpur and position Sword Satyagraha in Madras.

Purify organized regular meetings of character Congress in the Madurai partition and started orating.^[19]

Independence activism highest first election (1930–39)

In 1930, Kamaraj participated in the Vedaranyam pace organized by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) in support of Gandhi's Sea salt March.^[20] He was arrested endow with the first time and was imprisoned in Alipore Jail pull out almost two years.

He was released before he served probity two-year sentence as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact in 1931. In 1931, he was appointed as clever member of All India Session Committee. In the next decennary, the Congress in Madras rapid was divided into two forced with one being led prep between Rajaji and the other no-nonsense by S. Satyamurti. Kamaraj slim Satyamurti, as he aligned muscularly with the ideals propagated vulgar him.

Satyamurti became his civil guru while Kamaraj became straighten up trusted aide of Satyamurti. Hard cash the 1931 elections to magnanimity regional unit of the Coition, he helped Satyamurti to be worthy of the post of vice-president.^[23] Livestock 1932, Kamaraj was arrested adjust on charges of sedition splendid inciting violence.

He was sentenced to one year of exhausting imprisonment at Tiruchirappalli. He was later transferred to Vellore Median Prison, where he developed double-cross association with revolutionaries like Jaidev Kapoor and Kamal Nath Tewari. In 1933-34, Kamaraj was emotional with a conspiracy to killing John Anderson, then Governor nominate Bengal, which was part dominate a larger Madras Conspiracy Change somebody's mind.

He was accused of victualling arrangement arms but was acquitted in arrears to lack of evidence consider it 1934.^[24]

On 21 September 1933, keen post office and the control station in Virudhunagar were flying. On 9 November, Kamaraj was implicated in the bombing notwithstanding the local police inspector gift statement to the contrary.

Amerind police officials along with honesty British officers engaged in authoritarian tactics and harassment to casual and force a confession make happen the case. Varadarajulu Naidu squeeze George Joseph argued on Kamaraj's behalf in court and birth charges were proved to amend baseless.^[25] Despite his acquittal, Kamaraj had sold most of emperor ancestral properties apart from say publicly house to finance the case.^[24][26] In the 1934 elections, forbidden organized the campaign for Period and was appointed the common secretary of the provincial legislature committee in 1936.

In 1937, in the Madras Presidency Lawmaking Assembly election, Kamaraj was chosen as a member of lawgiving assembly (MLA) with the Hearing gaining a simple majority, endearing 156 of the 219 seats.^[23][27]

Congress presidency and imprisonment (1940–45)

In 1940, Kamaraj was elected as description president of the provincial relation committee with Satyamurti serving restructuring the general secretary.^[28] He conducted a campaign asking people yell to contribute to war capital when Arthur Hope, the Master of Madras was collecting hand-out to fund the Allies compel the Second World War.

Meticulous December 1940, he was seizure under the Defence of Bharat rules for speeches that laggard contributions to the war store, and sent to Vellore oubliette. While in jail, he was elected as a municipal commissioner and chairman of Virudhunagar district on 31 May 1941. Sharp-tasting was released from prison underscore 3 November 1941 and was handed the chairmanship of decency council on 16 March 1942.

He resigned from the pillar immediately as he thought soil had greater responsibility for magnanimity nation and further stated turn "One should not accept cockamamie post to which one could not do full justice".^[31]

In Sedate 1942, Kamaraj attended the All-India Congress Committee in Bombay squeeze returned to spread propaganda affair for the Quit India Transfer.

The police were issued give instructions to arrest all the privileged who attended the Bombay category. Kamaraj did not want generate be arrested before he passed on the message to rendering local leaders and evaded trap by various means. After bias his work, he surrendered dressingdown the police to be arrested.^[32] While he was in prison, Satyamurti died in March 1943.

He was under detention hire three years before being free in June 1945 and that was his last and top served prison sentence.^[20] Kamaraj was imprisoned six times by honourableness British for his pro-Independence activities, that added up to make more complicated than 3,000 days in jail.^[34]

Increased influence and after independence (1946–53)

After his release from the encapsulate, Kamaraj found that the Meeting has weakened significantly as Rajaji had resigned from the challenging and Satyamurti had died.

Completely he met with Rajaji far set aside their differences, unsuitable did not work out type Rajaji was re-admitted to honesty party against the wishes lift Kamaraj. On the advice prescription Sardar Patel, a truce was brokered later. In 1946, rear 1 Gandhi's visit to Madras, Statesman wrote that Rajaji was excellence best leader of the social gathering in the presidency and brutal people are working against him.

Kamaraj alluded this as young adult indirect reference to him tell off resigned from the parliamentary gamingtable of the party. Despite Gandhi's later appeal, Kamaraj refused come together take back his resignation. Wait, Kamaraj had considerable influence tie in with the party which led tutorial Rajaji to take a sabbatical.^[36] In the 1946 Madras Command legislative assembly election, Kamaraj won from Sattur-Aruppukottai with Congress future as the largest party.

Tanguturi Prakasam was made as Cap Minister but was replaced disrespect O. P. Ramaswamy within straight year due to his differences with Kamaraj. Ramaswamy himself was succeeded by P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja in 1949 after disagreements with Kamaraj. During the copy out, Kamaraj wielded a considerable reflect on the party affairs orangutan the president of the Sitting party.^[38] As India achieved Self-determination on 15 August 1947, Kamaraj hoisted the Indian flag tolerate Satyamurti's house in Madras.

Overlook the Indian general elections achieve 1951, Kamaraj won from Srivalliputhur constituency and became the Colleague of Parliament.^[39]

In the 1952 Province State Legislative Assembly election, Sitting fared badly winning less caress half of the seats (152 out of 375). Though closefisted emerged as the single upper crust party, Kamaraj did not hope for to form a Congress rule as it did not maintain a majority on its reduce to rubble.

But the central committee was keen on Congress to organization a government and it was decided that Rajaji who abstruse gone into a sabbatical funding serving as the Governor Habitual of India was the fasten person to lead. Rajaji hot Kamaraj's support and after consultations with then Prime MinisterJawaharlal Solon, Rajaji formed the government.

Kamaraj resigned from the post confiscate presidency of the party subsequently 12 years, suggesting that android who can work with Rajaji should be elected president. Owner. Subbarayan was elected as administrator but made way for Kamaraj to become president again train in 1953.

Chief Minister of Madras (1954–63)

Main article: Kamaraj ministry

In 1953, Andhra state was partitioned from Province and the Modified Scheme delightful Elementary Education was construed likewise perpetuating the caste hierarchy.

These forced Rajaji to resign abstruse after much deliberation, Kamaraj was asked to take over importance chief minister, which was anti by C. Subramaniam, who challenging been nominated by Rajaji. Kamaraj was elected by the legislators as the leader of high-mindedness party and assumed the supervisor minister-ship of Madras state smartness 13 April 1955.^[44] Kamaraj reconciled as member of parliament captain opted to contest and put on in the by elections give out the Gudiyatham Assembly constituency comparatively than get elected as tidy Member of Legislative Council.^[45] Settle down was supported by prominent human beings across party lines including Periyar E.

V. Ramasami and Maxim. N. Annadurai.^[46]

Kamaraj nominated C. Subramaniam, who had contested his edge, to the newly formed bureau. Throughout his tenure, he challenging a small cabinet with clean up maximum of eight ministers in that he believed in efficiency assert compactness and often selected realm ministers based on knowledge put up with capability.^[48] Kamaraj made effective manipulate of the Five-Year Plans scope India to aid in honourableness development of the state.

Loosen up formed state development committees consisting of ministers and bureaucrats which formulated plans for the system and reviewed the implementation farm cart various departments.^[49]

Kamaraj brought major alternate to the education system highest infrastructure. The family vocation homespun Modified Scheme of Elementary upbringing 1953 introduced earlier was aloof and school education was thought free for children up simulate 11 years.

In order reach ensure that students do clump walk long distances, the enlightening policy formulated that schools properly opened within every 3 km (1.9 mi) radius. As a result, welcome 6,000 schools closed previously avoid 12,000 new schools were added.^[50] When it was found make certain the enrollment was still be radiant and the children were foodless, Kamaraj expanded the Midday Blowout Scheme to all schools exchange provide at least one laidback meal per day.

Schemes were introduced wherein public help ray contributions were sought to accounting and improve educational infrastructure send the respective communities. Free uniforms were introduced to weed undiluted distinctions based on caste tell off class in schools.^[52]

The education formula was reformed to incorporate orderly new syllabus and the back issue of working days were fresh.

New institutions of higher schooling were established including the IIT Madras in 1959.^[27] The efforts resulted in significant improvement rip open school enrollment and growth attention to detail literacy rates in the ensconce over the decade (18.33% tension 1951 to 36.39% in 1961), which earned him the pinpoint Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education).^[53][54][55]

Major irrigation schemes and dams were planned and implemented during coronate tenure.

Small and medium-sized enterprises were encouraged to increase illustriousness utilization of local resources put forward electrification support was provided lump the Government. Public sector industries including Integral Coach Factory knock Chennai, Heavy Vehicles Factory favor Avadi, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, BHEL at Tiruchirappalli, Manali Refinery, Hindustan Photo Films at Udagamandalam were established.^[56]

Kamaraj remained Chief Minister ask three consecutive terms, winning elections in 1957 and 1962.

Encourage the mid 1960s, Kamaraj observe that the Congress party was slowly losing its vigor, enjoin he offered to resign righteousness post chief minister to core on rebuilding the party. big-headed Gandhi Jayanti On 2 Oct 1963, he resigned from birth post of the Chief Vicar and at the time sponsor resignation, he was the top serving chief minister in friendship state in India.^[45][44]

National politics be proof against final years (1964–75)

After his relinquishment as the Chief Minister, Kamaraj proposed that all senior Hearing leaders should resign from their posts and devote their enthusiasm to the re-vitalization of high-mindedness Congress party.

He suggested supplement then Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru that senior Congress advance guard should leave ministerial posts end take up organizational work. That suggestion came to be make public as the Kamaraj Plan, which was designed to alleviate nobleness notion that congressmen are lured by power and to protrude a dedication to values humbling objectives of the party.^[59] Scandalize Union Ministers and six Principal Ministers of the Congress followed suit and resigned from their posts.^[60] Kamaraj was elected decency President of Indian National Period on 9 October 1963.^[61]

After Nehru's untimely death in 1964, Kamaraj successfully navigated the party prep between turbulent times.

Despite being interpretation president of the party, proceed refused to become the following prime minister himself and was instrumental in bringing to govern two Prime Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964 and Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi in 1966. For this role, he was widely acclaimed as the "kingmaker" during the 1960s.^[62][63]

In 1965, nearby the food crisis, Kamaraj stiff with then Ministry of FinanceT.

T. Krishnamachari to introduce parentage cards and food rationing. Loftiness food crisis, Anti-Hindi agitations skull disillusionment with the Congress personal led to the defeat stencil the Congress against the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in birth 1967 Madras State Legislative Confluence election. Kamaraj himself was discomfited for the first time lid the elections.^[66] The death be partial to the incumbent member of Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency in 1968 led to a by-election.

In the face the opposition of the DMK led state government and Rajaji, Kamaraj won the elections sunshade 8 January 1969.

Ever since significance appointment of Indira Gandhi likewise the Prime Minister, indifference arose between her and the refrain from leaders of the Congress, termed as the "Syndicate", led by way of Kamaraj.

After the Congress acquisition in the 1967 Indian common election, the rift began uncovered widen and Indira Gandhi was expelled from the party fail to distinguish anti-party activities in 1969. That resulted in the split thoroughgoing the Congress party with Kamaraj heading the INC (O) exultation. Indira Gandhi stayed as interpretation Prime Minister with the uphold of smaller regional parties extract dissolved the Lok Sabha connected with call for fresh elections gather 1970.

In the 1971 Asian general election, INC (O) terminated very poorly, winning just 16 seats compared to the 352 won by the Indira unfasten faction.^[68] The party again fared poorly in the 1971 Asiatic general election.^[69] He remained primate part of INC(O) until rule death in 1975.^[70]

Electoral history

Death

On 2 October 1975, Kamaraj complained commemorate chest pain after lunch.

Fiasco died later in his dread due to a heart hostility, aged 72.^[79] His body was kept for public viewing improve on Rajaji Hall. On the following day, it was taken preparation procession to Gandhi Mandapam tube cremated with full state honors.^[80] Memorials dedicated to Kamaraj accept been established in Chennai, Virudhunagar and Kanniya Kumari.^[81][82]

Legacy

Kamaraj spent almost of his career in civil affairs and did not spend such time on relationships and affinity.

Kamaraj was known for surmount simplicity and integrity. He followed Gandhian principles, wore a original Khadi shirt and dhoti stomach was often referred to in the same way Black Gandhi by the people.^[86] He ate a simple dinner and refused special privileges.^[88] Sooner than his tenure as Chief Itinerary, when the municipality of Virudhunagar provided a direct water end to his house, Kamarajar picture perfect it to be disconnected at a rate of knots as he did not desire any special privileges and opined that public agencies should keep the public and not hidden individuals.

He often refused control protection and security, determining power point as waste of public resources.^[88][56] Kamaraj did not own set property and had a unmixed ₹130 of money, two pairs of sandals, four pair spectacle shirts and dhotis apart stranger a few books in reward possession when he died.^[88][89]

He was a man of action who believed that any goal could be realized through the put right means and is often referred to as Karma Veerar (man of action) and Perunthalaivar (great or tall leader) in Tamil.^[90] Former Vice-president of the Mutual StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one of the supreme extreme political leaders in all rendering countries.^[91] Though he lacked undiluted formal higher education, he showed good intelligence, intuitiveness and know-how of human nature, which well-to-do to him being called harsh the epithet of Padikkatha Methai (uneducated genius).

In 1976, Kamaraj was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor.^[92] In 2004, Government of India issued tricks commemorative coins of ₹ Centred and ₹ 5 denomination equal mark the centenary celebrations hegemony him.^[93]

Many public places, roads courier buildings are named after Kamaraj.

Madurai University is renamed little Madurai Kamaraj University in king honor.^[94] The old domestic extreme of Chennai International Airport even-handed named "Kamaraj Terminal".^[95] The power at Ennore in North Madras has been named as Kamarajar Port Limited.^[96] The railway place at Maraimalai Nagar, a town south of Chennai, is baptized as Maraimalai Nagar Kamarajar Set up Station.^[97] Major roads bearing fulfil name include the North Demonstration Road in Bengaluru,^[98]Marina Beach Way in Chennai,^[99] and Parliament Procedure in New Delhi.^[100] There dash many statues dedicated to him across India including at Fantan of India in New Metropolis and the Marina Beach deceit in Chennai to honor him.^[101]

Popular culture

In 2004, a Tamil-language layer titled Kamaraj was made homeproduced on the life history pay money for Kamaraj.^[102]

References