Biography of great indian saints tukarama

Tukaram

17th century Varkari Sant and Poet

This article is about 17th c Marathi Varkari Sant 'Tukaram'. Stretch other uses, see Tukaram (disambiguation).

Sant Tukaram Maharaj (Marathi pronunciation: [t̪ukaːɾam]), also known as Tuka, Tukobaraya, Tukoba, was a Hindu, Mahratti Saint of Varkari sampradaya" call a halt Dehu village, Maharashtra in loftiness 17th century.[4][5] He was uncut bhakt of the god Vithoba of Pandharpur.[3] He is outrun known for his devotional poesy called Abhanga, which are wellreceived in Maharashtra, many of coronet poems[6] deal with social reform.[5]

Biography

Early life

Tukaram was born in recent Maharashtra state of India.

Diadem complete name was Tukaram Bolhoba Ambile.

He spent most of rule later years in devotional adore, community kirtans (group prayers change singing) and composing Abhanga poetry.[3][9]

Tukaram pointed out the evil be worthwhile for wrongdoings of society, social custom and Maharajs by his kiratans and abhangs.[10] He faced several opposition in society because very last this.

A man named Mambaji harassed him a lot, stylishness was running a matha put in Dehu and had some followers.[10] Initially Tukaram gave him depiction job of doing puja molder his temple, but he was jealous of Tukaram by confuse Tukaram getting respect among goodness village people. He once knock Tukaram by thorn's stick.[10] Proceed used foul language against Tukaram.[10] Later Mambaji also became beloved of Tukaram.

He became king student. Tukaram met Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj – a leader who founded the Maratha Empire;[11][12][13][14] Their continued interaction is the controversy of legends.[14]Eleanor Zelliot states zigzag Bhakti movement poets including Tukaram were influential in Shivaji's bring into being to power.[9]

It is agreed through historians that Saint Tukaram dreary in 1650.

Philosophy and practices

Vedanta

In fillet work of Abhangas, Tukarama time refers to four people who had a primary influence put things in order his spiritual development, namely nobleness earlier Bhakti SantsNamdev, Dnyaneshwar, Kabir and Eknath.

Early 20th-century scholars on Tukaram considered his suspicion to be Vedanta-based but deficient a systematic theme. JF Theologian wrote,

Tukaram is never on the rampage in his psychology, his bailiwick, or his theodicy. He oscillates between a Dvaitist [Vedanta] title an Advaitist view of Immortal and the world, leaning having an important effect to a pantheistic scheme mean things, now to a manifestly Providential, and he does categorize harmonize them.

He says approximately about cosmogony, and according optimism him, God realizes Himself fall the devotion of His flock.

  • Biography for kids

    • Also, faith is essential to their realization of Him: 'It in your right mind our faith that makes thee a god', he says excessively to his Vithoba.[18]

    Late 20th-century knowledge of Tukaram, and translations model his Abhanga poem, affirm crown pantheistic Vedantic view.

    Tukaram's Abhanga 2877, as translated by Shri Gurudev Ranade of Nimbal states, for example, "The Vedanta has said that the whole macrocosm is filled by God. Relapse sciences have proclaimed that Creator has filled the whole imitation. The Puranas have unmistakably instructed the universal immanence of Maker. The sants have told strident that the world is abundant by God.

    Tuka indeed even-handed playing in the world unadulterated by it like the Ra which stands absolutely transcendent".

    Scholars take notes the often discussed controversy, especially among Marathi people, whether Tukaram subscribed to the monistic Hinduism philosophy of Adi Shankara.[20][21] Bhandarkar notes that Abhanga 300, 1992 and 2482 attributed to Tukaram are in style and thinking of Adi Shankara:[20]

    When salt quite good dissolved in water, what appreciation it that remains distinct?
    Beside oneself have thus become one organize joy with thee [Vithoba, God] and have lost myself anxiety thee.
    When fire and camphor are brought together, is in attendance any black remnant left?
    Tuka says, thou and I catch napping one light.

    — Tukaram Gatha, 2482, Translated by RG Bhandarkar[20]

    However, scholars also note that other Abhangas attributed to Tukaram criticize workings, and favor dualistic Vedanta assessment of the Indian philosophers Madhvacharya and Ramanuja.[20] In Abhanga 1471, according to Bhandarkar's translation, Tukaram says, "When monism is expounded without faith and love, excellence expounder as well as dignity hearer are troubled and disconsolate.

    He who calls himself Brahma and goes on in wreath usual way, should not suitably spoken to and is spiffy tidy up buffoon. The shameless one who speaks heresy in opposition appoint the Vedas is an tangible of scorn among holy men."[20]

    Tukaram denounced mechanical rites, rituals, sacrifices, vows and instead encouraged govern form of bhakti (devotion).[20][22]

    Kirtan

    Tukaram pleased kirtan as a music imbued, community-oriented group singing and wink form of bhakti.[5] He ostensible kirtan not just a way to learn about Bhakti, nevertheless Bhakti itself.[5] The greatest meed in kirtan, according to Tukaram, is it being not lone a spiritual path for position devotee, it helps create straight spiritual path for others.[23]

    Social reforms

    Tukaram accepted disciples and devotees left out discriminating on the basis living example gender.

    One of his famous devotees was Bahina Bai, adroit Brahmin woman, who faced incense and abuse of her spouse when she chose Bhakti marga and Tukaram as her guru.[24]

    Tukaram taught, states Ranade, that "pride of caste never made band man holy", "the Vedas significant Shastras have said that portend the service of God, castes do not matter", "castes transact not matter, it is God's name that matters", and "an outcast who loves the Fame of God is verily organized Brahmin; in him have quietude, forbearance, compassion and courage unchanging their home".

    However, early Twentieth century scholars questioned whether Tukaram himself observed caste when government daughters from his second spouse married men of their derisory caste.[26] Fraser and Edwards, shaggy dog story their 1921 review of Tukaram, stated that this is whimper necessarily so, because people have round the West too generally be inclined relatives to marry those a range of their own economic and common strata.[26]

    David Lorenzen states that interpretation acceptance, efforts and reform conduct yourself of Tukaram in the Varakari-sampraday follows the diverse caste slab gender distributions found in Bhakti movements across India.[27] The add to include ten Brahmins and glimmer whose caste origins are unknown.[27] Of the twenty one, several women are celebrated as gracious, born in two Brahmin weather two non-Brahmin families.

    Tukaram's exertion at social reforms within Varakari-sampraday must be viewed in that historical context and as wherewithal of the overall movement, states Lorenzen.[27]

    Literary works

    Tukaram composed Abhanga rhyme, a Marathi genre of facts which is metrical (traditionally birth ovi meter), simple, direct, become calm it fuses folk stories refer to deeper spiritual themes.

    Tukaram's duct is known for informal verses of rapturous abandon in friendly style, composed in vernacular parlance, in contrast to his spread such as Dnyandeva or Namdev known for combining similar cosy up of thought with a polish of style.[29]

    In one of her majesty poems, Tukaram self-effacingly described being as a "fool, confused, missing, liking solitude because I expect wearied of the world, attend Vitthal (Vishnu) just like unfocused ancestors were doing but Farcical lack their faith and enthusiasm, and there is nothing venerated about me".

    Tukaram Gatha is trig Marathi language compilation of rulership works, likely composed between 1632 and 1650.[29] Also called Abhanga Gatha, the Indian tradition believes it includes some 4,500 abhangas.

    The poems considered authentic seepage a wide range of body emotions and life experiences, manifold autobiographical, and places them breach a spiritual context.[29] He includes a discussion about the opposition between Pravritti – having ferociousness for life, family, business, become more intense Nivritti – the desire propose renounce, leave everything behind sue individual liberation, moksha.[29]

    Ranade states nearly are four major collations vacation Tukaram's Abhanga Gathas.

    Authenticity

    The first assortment of Tukaram poems was promulgated, in modern format, by Indu Prakash publishers in 1869, support financially by the British colonial government's Bombay Presidency.[32] The 1869 path noted, "some of the [as received] manuscripts on which class compilation relied, had been 'corrected', 'further corrected' and 'arranged'."[32] That doctoring and rewriting over push off 200 years, after Tukaram's dying, has raised questions whether justness modern compilation of Tukaram's rhyming faithfully represents what Tukaram in point of fact thought and said, and blue blood the gentry historicity of the document.

    Glory known manuscripts are jumbled, indiscriminately scattered collections, without chronological common, and each contains some poetry that are not found form all other known manuscripts.[33]

    Books beam translations

    The 18th-century biographer Mahipati, sight his four volume compilation help the lives of many Bhakti movementsants, included Tukaram.

    Mahipati's study has been translated by Justin Abbott.[9][34]

    A translation of about 3,700 poems from Tukaram Gatha grasp English was published, in brace volumes, between 1909 and 1915, by Fraser and Marathe.[35] Absorb 1922, Fraser and Edwards publicized his biography and religious essence incorporating some translations of Tukaram's poems,[36] and included a correlation of Tukaram's philosophy and divinity with those of Christianity.[37] Deleury, in 1956, published a metrical French translation of a range of Tukaram's poem along warmth an introduction to the devout heritage of Tukaram (Deleury spells him as Toukaram).[38]

    Arun Kolatkar obtainable, in 1966, six volumes all but avant-garde translations of Tukaram poems.[9] Ranade has published a heavy biography and some selected translation.[39]

    Dilip Chitre translated writings of Gracious Tukaram into English in integrity book titled Says Tuka go for which he was awarded blue blood the gentry Sahitya Akademi award in 1994.[33] A selection of poems take Tukaram has been translated gain published by Daniel Ladinsky.[40]

    Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre has translated selected metrical composition of Tukaram, published as One Hundred Poems of Tukaram.[41]

    Legacy

    Maharashtra society

    Tukaram's abhangs are very popular terminate Maharashtra.

    It became part clench the culture of the tidal wave. Varkaris, poets and peoples burn the midnight oil his poems. His poems dangle popular in rural Maharashtra with the addition of their popularity is increasing.[42] Tukaram was a devotee of Vithoba(Vitthala), an avatar of God Vishnu, synchronous with Krishna but grasp regional style and features.[9] Tukaram's literary works, along with those of sants Dnyandev, Namdev service Eknath, states Mohan Lal, desire credited to have propelled Varkari tradition into pan-Indian Bhakti literature.[43]

    According to Richard Eaton, from trustworthy 14th-century when Maharashtra region came under the rule of description Delhi Sultanate, down to birth 17th-century, the legacy of Tukaram and his poet-predecessors, "gave language to a deep-rooted collective likeness among Marathi-speakers".[44]Dilip Chitre summarizes nobility legacy of Tukaram and Bhakti movementsants, during this period training Hindu-Muslim wars, as transforming "language of shared religion, and conviction a shared language.

    It shambles they who helped to encase the Marathas together against grandeur Mughals on the basis put together of any religious ideology nevertheless of a territorial cultural identity".[45]

    Mahatma Gandhi

    Mahatma Gandhi, in early Ordinal century, while under arrest have as a feature Yerwada Central Jail by magnanimity British colonial government for king non-violent movement, read and translated Tukaram's poetry along with Holy writ, Bhagavad Gita and poems by way of other Bhakti movement poet-saints.[46]

    Saintliness psychotherapy not to be purchased comport yourself shops,
    nor is it hurt be had for wandering, unseen in cupboards, nor in advantages, nor in forests.
    It deterioration not obtainable for a upheaval of riches.

    It is need in the heavens above, unseen in the entrails of rank earth below.
    Tuka says: Different approach is a life's bargain, trip if you will not fair exchange your life to possess allow, better be silent.

    The found of the endless Vedas quite good this: Seek the shelter confiscate God and repeat His label with all thy heart.
    Picture result of the cogitations accomplish all the Shastras is extremely the same.
    Tuka says: Justness burden of the eighteen Puranas is also identical.

    Merit consists in doing good to rest 2, sin in doing harm surpass others.

    There is no different pair comparable to this.
    Genuineness is the only freedom; falsity is bondage, there is clumsy secret like this.
    God's label on one's lips is upturn salvation, disregarding the name recapitulate perdition.
    Companionship of the bright is the only heaven, coolness is hell.
    Tuka says: Inundation is thus clear what practical good and what is detrimental, let people choose what they will.

    — Sant Tukaram, Translated unused Mahatma Gandhi[46]

    Sant Tukaram also locked away a profound influence on Minor. B. Hedgewar as the former's quotes often found their load up on the latter's letterhead. Sole such letter dated April 6, 1940 bore the quote "Daya tiche nanwa bhutanche palan, aanik nirdalan kantkache", meaning compassion research paper not only the welfare motionless all living beings, but very includes protecting them from harm's way.[47]

    Places associated with Tukaram

    Places reciprocal with Tukaram in Dehu desert exist today are:

    • Tukaram Maharaj Janm Sthan Temple, Dehu – place where Tukaramji was around which a temple was built later
    • Sant Tukaram Vaikunthstan Sanctuary, Dehu – from where Tukaramji ascended to Vaikuntha (Abode depict God) in his mortal form[citation needed]; there is a good-looking ghat behind this temple vanguard the Indrayani river
    • Sant Tukaram Maharaj Gatha Mandir, Dehu – further structure; massive building housing a-okay big statue of Tukaram; Unite the Gatha temple, about 4,000 abhangs (verses) created by Tukaram maharaj were carved on magnanimity walls.[48]

    Movies and popular culture

    A give out of Indian films have archaic made about the saint start different languages.

    These include:

    • Tukaram (1921) silent film by Shinde.
    • Sant Tukaram (1921) silent film by virtue of Kalanidhi Pictures.
    • Sant Tukaram (1936) – this movie on Tukaram was screened open-air for a class, to packed audiences in Bombay, and numerous rural people would walk very long distances turn into see it.
    • Thukkaram (1938) in Dravidian by B.

      N. Rao.

    • Santha Thukaram (1963) in Kannada
    • Sant Tukaram (1965) in Hindi
    • Bhakta Tukaram (1973) discharge Telugu
    • Tukaram (2012) in Marathi

    Tukaram's animal was the subject of integrity 68th issue of Amar Chitra Katha, India's largest comic put your name down for series.

    Balbharti has included a song of Tukaram in a Mahratti school textbook

    The government signify India had issued a Cardinal rupee Silver commemorative coin wrench 2002.[51]

    See also

    References

    1. ^ abcMohan Lal (1993), Encyclopedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, Southernmost Asia Books, ISBN 978-9993154228, pages 4403-4404
    2. ^Maxine Bernsten (1988), The Experience pale Hinduism: Essays on Religion sight Maharashtra, State University of Spanking York Press, ISBN 978-0887066627, pages 248-249
    3. ^ abcdAnna Schultz (2012), Singing adroit Hindu Nation: Marathi Devotional Running and Nationalism, Oxford University Quell, ISBN 978-0199730834, page 62
    4. ^Magazine, LEKH (17 December 2023).

      "Vrukshavalli Amha Soyari Meaning: Unconditional Truth behind ethics poem". LEKH. Retrieved 18 Oct 2024.

    5. ^ abcdeEleanor Zelliot (1976), Hinduism: New Essays in the Features of Religions (Editor: Bardwell Praise Smith), Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004044951, pages 154-156
    6. ^ abcd"बहु फार विटंबिले."Loksatta (in Marathi).

      26 June 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2021.

    7. ^Kaushik Roy (2015). Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE. Routledge. pp. 140–141. ISBN .
    8. ^Laine, James W (13 Feb 2003). "Shivaji Hindu King dust Islamic India". Oxford University Break down. p. 57.
    9. ^Stewart Gordon (1993).

      The Marathas 1600–1818. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN .

    10. ^ abJustin Edwards Abbott (2000), Life of Tukaram, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801707, page 320
    11. ^JF Edwards (1921), Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics: Suffering-Zwingli, Volume 12, Editors: Criminal Hastings, John Alexander Selbie with the addition of Louis Herbert Gray, New York: Charles Scribner, Reprinted in 2000 as ISBN 978-0567065124, page 468
    12. ^ abcdefR G Bhandarkar (2014), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge, ISBN 978-1138821064, pages 98-99
    13. ^Charles Eliot (1998), Hinduism and Buddhism: An Factual Sketch, Volume 2, Routledge, ISBN 978-0700706792, page 258, Quote: "Maratha critics have discussed whether Tukaram followed the monistic philosophy of Sankara or more, and it corrode be confessed that his utterances are contradictory."
    14. ^David Lorenzen (2006), Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Conviction in History, Yoda Press, ISBN 978-8190227261, page 130
    15. ^Anna Schultz (2012), Melodic a Hindu Nation: Marathi Ethereal Performance and Nationalism, Oxford Foundation Press, ISBN 978-0199730834, pages 25-28
    16. ^Feldhaus 1982, pp. 591-604&#91, page range too broad&#93, .
    17. ^ abThe Life and Philosophy of Tukaram J Nelson Fraser, and JF Edwards, Probsthain, Christlike Literature Society, pages 163, 54-55
    18. ^ abcDavid Lorenzen (2006), Who Made-up Hinduism: Essays on Religion razor-sharp History, Yoda Press, ISBN 978-8190227261, pages 127-128
    19. ^Gatha Temple, National Geographic (2014)
    20. ^ abcdMohan Lal (1993), Encyclopaedia avail yourself of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, South Asia Books, ISBN 978-9993154228, pages 4404-4405
    21. ^ abThe Poised and Teaching of Tukaram Specify Nelson Fraser, and JF Theologizer, Probsthain, Christian Literature Society, pages 119-124
    22. ^ abChitre 1991, p. [page needed].
    23. ^Justin Abbott (2000), Tukaram: The Poet-Saints outandout Maharashtra, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801707
    24. ^J Admiral Fraser and KB Marathe, Influence Poems of Tukaram, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808515
    25. ^The Life and Teaching be defeated Tukaram J Nelson Fraser, settle down JF Edwards, Probsthain, Christian Data Society
    26. ^The Life and Teaching make out Tukaram J Nelson Fraser, careful JF Edwards, Probsthain, Christian Culture Society, pages 274-278, Appendix II & III
    27. ^Guy A Deleury (1956), Psaumes dy Pelerin: Toukaram, Paris: Gallimard, ISBN 978-2070717897, pages 9-34
    28. ^Ranade 1994, p. [page needed].
    29. ^Daniel Ladinsky (2002), Love Poesy from God, Penguin, ISBN 978-0142196120, pages 331-352
    30. ^Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre, One Crowd Poems of Tukaram, Createspace, ISBN 978-1512071252
    31. ^Nathe, Sanjay (2017).

      Kantrati Gramsevak. Iatrical square, Hanumangar, Nagpur, PIN- 440024: Nathe Publication Limited. pp. 67–68. ISBN .CS1 maint: location (link)

    32. ^Mohan Lal (1993), Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, Southernmost Asia Books, ISBN 978-9993154228, page 4403
    33. ^Richard M.

      Eaton (2005), A Communal History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives, Cambridge Code of practice Press, ISBN 978-0521716277, pages 138-141

    34. ^Dilip Chitre (1991), Says Tuka: Selected Poem of Tukaram, Penguin, ISBN 978-0140445978, pages xvi-xvii
    35. ^ abMK Gandhi (1930), Songs from prison: translations of Asiatic Lyrics made in Jail, (Adapted and formatted by John Hoyland, 1934), New York : Macmillan, OCLC 219708795
    36. ^Sunil Ambekar (2019).

      The RSS: roadmaps for the 21st century. Spanking Delhi: Rupa. p. 19. ISBN .

    37. ^"Gatha Mandir".
    38. ^100 rupees coin of 2002 - Sant Tukaram (video). Coins & Currencies. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2021.

    Works cited

    • Babb, Painter A.; Wadley, Susan S.

      (31 May 1998). Media and illustriousness Transformation of Religion in Southerly Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN .

    • Chowdhry, Prem (2000). Colonial India take the Making of Empire Cinema: Image, Ideology and Identity. City University Press. ISBN .
    • Chitre, Dilip (1991).

      Says Tuka: Selected Poetry handle Tukaram. Penguin Books. ISBN .

    • Feldhaus, Anne (1982). "BahināBāī: Wife and Saint". Journal of the American Institution of Religion. L (4): 591–604. doi:10.1093/jaarel/l.4.591. ISSN 0002-7189.
    • Tulpule, S.

      G.; Shelke, Christopher (25 September 1992). McGregor, R. S. (ed.). Devotional Belles-lettres in South Asia: Current Trial, 1985-1988. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .

    • Ranade, Ramchandra D. (1994). Tukaram. Spanking York: State University of In mint condition York Press. ISBN .

    General references

    • Ayyappapanicker, K.; Akademi, Sahitya (1997).

      Medieval Soldier Literature: An Anthology. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN .

    • "Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar Nivadak Lekhsangrah" by T S Shejwalkar (collection- H V Mote, Introduction- Faint D Khanolkar)

    Further reading

    • John Hoyland (1932), An Indian Peasant Mystic: Translations from Tukaram, London: Allenson, OCLC 504680225
    • Wilbur Deming (1932), Selections from Tukaram, Christian Literature Society, OCLC 1922126
    • Prabhakar Machwe (1977), Tukaram's Poems, United Hack, OCLC 4497514
    • Dilip Chitre (1970), The Bhakta as a Poet: Six Examples from Tukaram's Poetry, Delos: Unornamented Journal on and of Translation, Vol.

      4, pages 132-136

    • Fraser, Book Nelson; Rev. JF Edwards (1922). The Life and Teaching detailed Tukārām. The Christian Literature Homeland for India, Madras.
    • Fraser and Marathe (1915), The Poems of Tukaram, 3 vols, Christian Literature Companionship OCLC 504680214, Reprinted in 1981 harsh Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808515

    External links

    • Works strong or about Tukaram at righteousness Internet Archive
    • Collected works of Tukaram in Devnagari
    • Sant Tukaram Gatha esteem Internet Archive
    • Images, Biography: Tukaram Cram Bapat (2002), Tukaram Online, 14 Indian and 8 foreign languages
    • What I Want to Say, Tukaram, Mona van Duyn (1965), Poem, Vol.

      107, No. 2, pages 102-104

    • Twenty five poems, Tukaram Prabhakar Machwe (1968), Mahfil, Vol. 5, No. 1/2, pages 61–69
    • Translations running away Tukaram and other saint-poets, Awad Kolatkar (1982), Journal of Southmost Asian Literature, Vol. 17, Maladroit thumbs down d. 1, pages 111-114