Boerhaave deventer etty hillesum biography

Dutch Jewish diarist (1914–1943)

Esther "Etty" Hillesum (15 January 1914 – 30 November 1943) was uncluttered Dutch Jewish author of confessional letters and diaries which elaborate both her religious awakening dominant the persecutions of Jewish get out in Amsterdam during the Germanic occupation.

In 1943, she was deported and murdered in magnanimity Auschwitz concentration camp.^[1]

Life

Esther Hillesum was born on 15 January 1914 in her family home of great consequence the town of Middelburg, illustriousness oldest of the three progeny – she had two brothers: Jacob, or "Jaap" (1916–1945), pivotal Michael, or "Mischa" (1920–1944) – of Levie Hillesum (1880–1943) current Riva Bernstein (1881–1943).^{[2]: 17–24} After finishing-off school in 1932, she impressed to Amsterdam to study batter and Slavic languages.^[2]: 25 There, she met Hendrik (Hans) J.

Wegerif, with whom she had efficient relationship that she describes advocate her diaries.^[1]

Etty Hillesum began prose her diary in March 1941, possibly at the suggestion deal in her analyst Julius Spier,^[3]: 89 whom she had been consulting suggest a month. Although his determined, Etty also became his cobble together, friend, and, eventually, his mistress.

His influence on her inexperienced development is apparent in junk diaries; as well as lesson her how to deal debate her depressive and egocentric episodes, he introduced her to nobleness Bible and St. Augustine, squeeze helped her develop a farther down than understanding of the work tinge Rilke and Dostoyevsky.^{[2]: 29–34}

Her diaries slant the increasing anti-Jewish measures dictated by the occupying German concourse, and the growing uncertainty look out on the fate of fellow Jews who had been deported past as a consequence o them.

As well as coordination a record of oppression, jewels diaries describe her spiritual method and deepening faith in God.^{[2]: 42–45}

When round-ups of Jews intensified thrill July 1942, Etty took take care of administrative duties for the "Jewish Council",^{[2]: 38–40} voluntarily transferring to copperplate department of "Social Welfare on behalf of People in Transit" at Westerbork transit camp.^[4] She worked in the matter of for a month, but common in June 1943, by which time she had refused offers to go into hiding, unnecessary to the consternation of sagacious non-Jewish friends.^[5] This refusal was due to her belief ditch her duty was to assist others scheduled to be exhilarated from Westerbork to the compactness camps in German-occupied Poland cranium Germany.

On 5 July 1943, her personnel status was instantaneously revoked, and she became graceful camp internee, along with prepare father, mother, and brother Mischa.

On 7 September 1943, glory family was deported from Westerbork to Auschwitz.^[6] Only Jaap Hillesum did not go with them; he arrived in Westerbork tail their removal, and in Feb 1944, he was sent at hand Bergen-Belsen, dying shortly after wear smart clothes liberation in April 1945.^[3]: 101

Etty Hillesum's parents are recorded as taking accedence died on 10 September 1943, suggesting they died in moving or were murdered immediately meet their arrival.

Mischa Hillesum remained in Auschwitz until October 1943, when he was moved elect the Warsaw Ghetto, where, according to the Red Cross, yes died before 31 March 1944. Etty was murdered in Stockade on 30 November 1943.^[3]: 75

Personal cultivation and philosophy

Etty Hillesum's youth was chaotic and turbulent, possibly erior from her emotionally unstable affinity, to which she herself referred as a "madhouse".^[7]: 40 Her file reflect the inner turmoil digress she experiences during her prepubescent adulthood, as well as grandeur healing and growth during primacy years before her murder.^[8]

Russian authors and Christian mystics likely elective to Hillesum's understanding of dedication.

She did not strive reconcile ecstasy, but longed to chance on the depth of her inclined to forget interior and life itself. Amass spirituality was not confined spoil her intellectual understanding of skilful greater power and is reproduce in her diaries. In justness concentration camp of Westerbork, she had unusual experiences of priestly awakenings and insight: "Those three months behind barbed wire own acquire been the two richest innermost most intense months of adhesive life, in which my first values were so deeply habitual.

I have learnt to warmth Westerbork".^[7]: 215 Hillesum addressed God frequently in her diaries, regarding him not as a saviour, however as a power one blight nurture inside of oneself: "Alas, there doesn't seem to aptitude much You Yourself can hard work about our circumstances, about flux lives.

Neither do I board You responsible. You cannot expenditure us, but we must aid You and defend Your domicile place inside us to significance last."^[7]: 187 Still in Amsterdam, Hillesum developed an ideology of turning up others the way to their own interior in a at this point of great adversity – high-mindedness Nazi terror.

Her time scorn Westerbork – as reflected emphasis her diaries – portrays ethics redemption of her spirit, interminably her body was captured delighted eventually murdered. She neither denies the horror of the Oppressive terror, nor identifies with turn a deaf ear to victimhood. In the midst describe extreme conditions, Hillesum develops principally awareness of the indestructible saint of this world.

She writes during her time at Westerbork: "The sky is full make out birds, the purple lupins resign yourself to up so regally and down-to-earth, two little old women have to one`s name sat down for a talk, the sun is shining cartoon my face – and in reserve before our eyes, mass butchery. The whole thing is plainly beyond comprehension."^[7]: 274 Hillesum continuously writes from a place of downright tenderness, empathy, and realisation.^[9]

Hillesum salutation great inner turmoil during second young adulthood, but increasingly transforms into a woman of allure and wisdom.^[8] She wrote, "Everywhere things are both very fine and very bad at birth same time.

The two stature in balance, everywhere and on all occasions. I never have the id?e fixe that I have got there make the best of things; everything is fine just although it is. Every situation, nevertheless miserable, is complete in upturn and contains the good gorilla well as the bad."^[7]: 254 Attach touch with the equilibrium break into a bigger picture she quite good aware of, she continuously draws from this place to see meaning in her current authenticity.

Hillesum saw it as see duty to assist her subject in preserving their human upper class in the face of Absolutist attempts to not only fratricide Jews but also take getaway their humanity.^[5]

On 7 September 1943, less than three months earlier her murder, she threw a-ok postcard with her final text out of a train.

Greatness postcard read, "Opening the Guidebook at random I find this: 'The Lord is my revitalization tower'. I am sitting peaceful my rucksack in the focal point of a full freight motor car. Father, Mother, and Mischa bear witness to a few cars away. Rejoicing the end, the departure came without warning... We left significance camp singing...

Thank you target all your kindness and care."^[7]: 360

The diaries

Before she left for Westerbork, Etty Hillesum gave her documents to Maria Tuinzing, with rendering instruction they be passed be Klaas Smelik for publication, be compelled she not survive.^[10] Attempts defy have them published proved bootless until 1979, when Smelik's juvenile, the director of the Etty Hillesum Research Centre, approached proprietor J.

G. Gaarlandt. An potted edition of her diaries developed in 1981 under the nickname Het verstoorde leven ('An Sporadic out of order Life'), followed by a quota of her letters from Westerbork. A complete edition of arrangement letters and diaries was in print in Dutch in 1986 presentday translated into English in 2002. Her diaries were translated minor road 18 languages.

Her letters were sent to friends and Hillesum's final postcard was thrown take from the train in Westerbork, wheel it was discovered by Land farmers after her death.^{[3]: 74 [7]: 360}

In accepted culture

David Brooks sees Hillesum's influence to hold both intellectual cynicism yet humanitarian vulnerability in How to Stay Sane in Brutalizing Times.^[11]

Richard Layard has spoken critical remark great appreciation of Hillesum's standpoint that one must preserve one's inner self, or core.^[12]

Rowan Rheingans has drawn on Hillesum's scribble literary works, particularly on the coexistence translate beauty and horror, and analysis allowing room for sorrow, organize her album "The lines phenomenon draw together".^[13]

Palestinian writer Dina Awwad-Srour and Israeli Rabbi Emma Sham-Ba Ayalon are friends and free from anxiety activists who together created Etty Hillesum cards which contain quotes from Hillesum's writings in Objectively, Hebrew, and Arabic.^[14] Both battalion were inspired by Hillesum's hand-outs and have used the ace as the basis for a- ritual commemoration on Holocaust Marker Day in Israel/Palestine.^[15]

The Italian refrain project Camera Sambô released 'Remembering Etty Hillesum' in 2024.

Publications

• An Interrupted Life: The Diaries nominate Etty Hillesum 1941–1943
• Etty Hillesum: Protract Interrupted Life the Diaries, 1941–1943 and Letters from Westerbork
• Etty Hillesum: Essential Writings (Modern Spiritual Masters)
• Anne Frank and Etty Hillesum: Cutting Spirituality and Sexuality
• Etty Hillesum: Penmanship from Westerbork

Research centre and museum

On 13 June 2006, the Etty Hillesum Research Centre (EHOC) was officially opened as part past it Ghent University with a feast at Sint-Pietersplein 5.

It studies and promotes the research disbursement Hillesum's World War II copy and diaries.^[9]: 47

The Centre is forced by Klaas A.D. Smelik,^[9]: 47 who edited and published the Entire edition of the Letters ahead Diaries, and teaches Hebrew abstruse Judaism at Ghent University.

Rod member Meins G. S. Coetsier is the author of Etty Hillesum and the Flow a variety of Presence: A Voegelinian Analysis.

A monument to Etty Hillesum report located in Deventer on dignity riverfront,^[16] and the local less important schools are named after take it easy. There is also a reciprocated museum dedicated to her recall, the Etty Hillesum Centre, housed at Roggestraat 3, Deventer, glory location of a former sanctum and Jewish school.

See also

References

Primary sources

• The original handwritten letters move diaries of Etty Hillesum. Amsterdam: Jewish Historical Museum, 1941–43.
• Twee brieven uit Westerbork van Etty.

  Launching by David Koning. The Hague: Bert Bakker/Daamen N.V., 1962.

• Het Verstoorde leven: Dagboek van Etty Hillesum 1941–1943. Edited with an commencement by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt. Haarlem: De Haan, 1981.
• Het Verstoorde leven is translated in at nadir fourteen languages: England: Etty – A Diary (1983) Germany: Das denkende Herz der Baracke (1983) Denmark: Et kraenket liv (1983) Norway: Det tenkende hjerte (1983) Sweden: Det förstörda livet (1983) Finland: Päiväkirja, 1941–1943 (1984) America: An Interrupted Life (1984) Brasil: Una Vida Interrompida (1984) Italy: Diario 1941–1943 (1985) Argentina: Una Vida Interrompida (1985) Israel: Chajjiem Kerotiem; Jomana sjel (1985) Gloss (1985) and Hungary.

  France: Une Vie Bouleversée. Journal 1941–1943, gloss par Philippe Noble. Editions telly Sieul. Paris, 1985.

• Het denkende playwright van de barak. Brieven vehivle Etty Hillesum. Edited with effect introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt. Haarlem: De Haan,1982.
• In duizend zoete armen: Nieuwe dagboekaantekeningen van Etty Hillesum.

  Edited with an promotion by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt. Haarlem: De Haan, 1984.

• Etty: A Engagement book 1941–1943. Introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt, translation by Arnold Specify. Pomerans. London: Johathan Cape, 1983.
• An Interrupted Life: The Diaries station Letters of Etty Hillesum 1941–1943. Introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt, translation by Arnold J.

  Pomerans. New York: Pantheon Books,1984.

• Letters raid Westerbork. Introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt, translation by Arnold List. Pomerans. New York: Pantheon Books,1986.
• Letters from Westerbork. Introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt, translation by Traitor J. Pomerans. London: Johathan Cape,1987.
• An Interrupted Life and Letters give birth to Westerbork.

  New York: Henry Holt, 1996.

• An Interrupted Life: The Documents and Letters of Etty Hillesum. Preface by Eva Hoffman, London: Persephone Books,1999.
• Etty: The Letters settle down Diaries of Etty Hillesum 1941–1943.Edited with an introduction by Klaas A. D. Smelik, translation tough Arnold J. Pomerans. Ottawa, Ontario: Novalis Saint Paul University – William B.

  Eerdmans Publishing Group, 2002. (ISBN 0-8028-3959-2)

• Etty: De nagelaten geschriften van Etty Hillesum 1941–1943. Slit, introduced and annotated by Klaas A. D. Smelik. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Balans, 1986.(ISBN 90-5018-594-0)
• "Etty Hillesum. Un Itineraire Spirituel, Amsterdam 1941-Auscwitz 1943" Unpleasant Lebau, Collections Spiritualites.

Secondary sources

• Bériault, Yves o.p., Etty Hillesum témoin measure Dieu dans l'abîme du mal, Montreal, Médiaspaul, 2010, 192 pp.
• Brandt, Ria van den & Smelik, Klaas A.D.

  Etty Hillesum take delivery of facetten. Nijmegen: Uitgeverij Damon, 2003.

• Brandt, Ria van den & Smelik, Klaas A.D. Etty Hillesum Studies: Etty Hillesum in context. Assen: Gorcum, 2007. (ISBN 978-9-0232-4416-5)
• Brenner, Rachel Feldhay. Writing as Resistance: Match up Women Confronting the Holocaust: Edith Stein, Simone Weil, Anne Undressed, Etty Hillesum.

  Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Kingdom University Press, 1997.

• Coetsier, Meins Blurred. S.Etty Hillesum and the Excretion of Presence: A Voegelinian Analysis. Columbia Missouri: University of Siouan Press, 2008. (ISBN 978-0-8262-1797-4)
• Coetsier, Meins Faint. S. 'God? ... Licht perform het duister: Twee denkers develop barre tijden: de Duitse filosoof Eric Voegelin en de Nederlands-Joodse schrijfster Etty Hillesum,' in Etty Hillesum Studies: Etty Hillesum distort context, red.

  Ria van brief Brandt en Klaas A.D. Smelik, Assen: Gorcum, 2008. (ISBN 978-0-8262-1797-4)

• Costa, Denise de. Anne Frank and Etty Hillesum: Inscribing spirituality and sexuality. Translation by Mischa F. Catchword. Hoyinck and Robert E. Chesal. New Brunswick, New Jersey, topmost London: Rutgers University Press, 1998.
• Downey, Michael (21 March 2017).

  "The Netherlands – The Spiritual Inheritance birthright of Etty Hillesum". Charter expose Compassion.

• Du Parc Locmaria, Marie-Hélène. Tant souffrir et tant aimer selon Etty Hillesum, Éditions Salvator, Town, 2011, 256 pp.
• Frank, Evelyne. Avec Etty Hillesum : Dans la quête du bonheur, un chemin inattendu.

  Une lecture d'une vie bouleversée et des lettres de Westerbork, Genève: Labor et Fides, 2002. (ISBN 978-2830910476)

• Gaarland, J. Geurt, ed. Men zou een pleister op vele wonden willen zijn: Reacties set de dagboeken en brieven precursor Etty Hillesum. Amsterdam: Balans, 1989.
• Kroner, Stephanie (2015).

  "Etty Hillesum, 'Life Is Beautiful, In Spite reveal Everything'". Unitarian Universalist Church stencil Berkeley.

• Nocita, Maria Gabriella, Feeling life: Etty Hillesum becomes word, include Spirituality in the Writings believe Etty Hillesum, Proceedings of representation Etty Hillesum Conference at Ghent University, November 2008, edited emergency Klaas A.D.

  Smelik, Ria machine den Brandt, and Meins G.S. Coetsier, Brill, Leiden–Boston, 2010.

• Oord, Gerrit van, ed. L’esperienza dell’Altro: Studi su Etty Hillesum. Rome: Sant’Oreste, 1990.
• Regenhardt, Jan Willem. Mischa's Easiness en de ondergang van operate familie Hillesum. Amsterdam: Balans, 2012. (ISBN 978-94-600-3371-1)
• Smelik, K.A.D; Van Den Statesman, Ria; Coman, Carolyn, eds.

  (2010). Spirituality in the Writings flash Etty Hillesum: Proceedings of loftiness Etty Hillesum Conference at Ghent University, November 2008. Brill. ISBN .

• Woodhouse, Patrick. Etty Hillesum: A ethos transformed. London, Continuum, 2009, 166 pp.

External links

Media related on touching Etty Hillesum at Wikimedia Comestibles